What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
This Q&A explains PTSD, its symptoms, causes, and treatment options, while highlighting the importance of early intervention.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event, such as combat, natural disasters, accidents, or abuse. While it is normal to feel distress immediately following trauma, PTSD occurs when these reactions persist for months or years, interfering with daily life.
PTSD is characterized by four main groups of symptoms: intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in mood or thinking, and heightened arousal. Intrusive memories often involve flashbacks, nightmares, or distressing thoughts related to the traumatic event. Avoidance behaviors may include staying away from places, people, or activities that remind the individual of the trauma. Negative changes in mood and thinking can manifest as feelings of guilt, shame, hopelessness, or detachment from loved ones. Heightened arousal includes being easily startled, experiencing irritability, or struggling with sleep.
The causes of PTSD are complex and involve a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSD, but those with a history of previous trauma, lack of support, or preexisting mental health conditions are at higher risk.
Treatment for PTSD is highly effective when tailored to individual needs. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) helps individuals reframe distressing thoughts and reduce avoidance behaviors. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is another evidence-based treatment that helps reprocess traumatic memories in a less distressing way. Medications, particularly antidepressants, may also be prescribed to manage symptoms.
Support from loved ones is critical for recovery. Compassionate understanding and patience can help survivors feel less isolated. Additionally, engaging in self-care practices such as mindfulness, relaxation techniques, and physical activity can support the healing process.
Left untreated, PTSD can severely impact relationships, work, and physical health. However, with the right support and treatment, individuals can learn to manage symptoms, regain control of their lives, and move forward with resilience. Early intervention is especially important to prevent long-term complications and to promote healing.